e4608bb7-0786-43f5-9573-89031d68801f 1 ton of reinforcing steel (rebar) for use in reinforced concrete structures (96,6% steel scrap and 3,4% primary steel) Reinforcing steel in various product forms, environmental profile calculated based on average annual production.Scope and type: The analysis was conducted on the production of various types of reinforcing steel in Belgium for delivery to the Dutch market. For modelling the processes higher up in the chain, over which BESIX has no influence and for which no specific data from suppliers was available, the NMD process database, version 3.9 (2024; based on Ecoinvent 3.6) or the Ecoinvent 3.6 process database (2019) was used. Ecoinvent 3.6 therefore forms the basis for calculating the MKI of set 1. The LCA calculations were performed using SimaPro 9.6. This concerns an NMD category 1 (brand-specific) basic profile, scope cradle-to-gate (A1-A3) with optional modules C1-C4 and module D). The reference service life (RSL) of the reinforcing steel is equal to the service life of the reinforced concrete product in which it is used.Representativeness: To quantify the various input streams (materials and energy) and output streams (emissions and waste streams) for the production of reinforcing steel, practical data was collected from BESIX. The year 2023 was used as the reference year for data collection (annual totals). BESIX's suppliers were asked to provide specific data. They were asked to specify the production route used to produce the purchased wire rod or bars (BOF route or EAF route), how much scrap was used in production and whether the steel was unalloyed or low-alloyed. The spread due to the average composition of different variants of reinforcing steel and production locations falls well within the permitted spread limits as defined in the NMD Determination Method (<20%).Calculation rules: This LCA was carried out in accordance with the requirements of EN15804+A2 and the NMD Determination Method. Within the system boundaries based on the applicable criteria, no input or output flows were excluded. 2023 was used as the reference year for data collection (annual totals). This analysis concerns a cradle-to-gate LCA with optional modules C1-C4 and module D. The reinforcing steel is produced with 96.7% steel scrap (= secondary steel). However, during the production of the semi-finished product, steel scrap is also released (2.4%), resulting in a net amount of secondary material of 96.6%. The data quality of specific and generic data has been assessed as sufficient using the data quality assessment system in the NMD assessment protocol.Scenarios and additional technical information Production phase (A1-3) The majority of the steel used in reinforcing steel is obtained from scrap. This is melted down (with the possible addition of “new” steel) and rolled. BESIX's suppliers use an average of 96.7% steel produced from scrap (secondary material) and 3.3% steel produced from primary extracted material for the rolling wire and bars used in production. The rolling wire is used for the production of reinforcing steel. At BESIX, the purchased wire rod, bars and other semi-finished products are further processed into various semi-finished products: - Mats/nets - Cut and bent steel - Prefab reinforcement steel (support beams) At this stage, various processes can be applied, including welding, cutting, bending, profiling, drawing and straightening. At the end of this stage, there is either a finished product ready for installation or an intermediate product that is transported to the next processor. During the various steps in the production process, steel scrap is generated (cutting/shearing waste and obsolete parts). This amounts to 2.4% of the production output. At steel production plants, this scrap can be directly reused in the own production process. In the other steps in the production process, this internal recycling is not possible. The scrap is then transported as a separate stream to a recycler. In accordance with the criteria set out in Regulation (EU) No. 333/2011, this is also the moment at which the steel scrap reaches end-of-waste status. End-of-life phase (C1-C4) The following principles have been applied with regard to quantifying the input and output flows of the end-of-life phase: - The list of flat-rate values for processing-life associated with: Determination method Environmental performance Buildings prescribes the following scenario for reinforcing steel: - 74) Steel, reinforcement for reinforced concrete structures, with - 5% landfill and - 95% recycling. (C1) At the end of the technical life of the reinforced concrete structure in which the reinforcing steel has been used, it must be dismantled from the structure. Any energy consumption and environmental impact associated with this is entirely dependent on the type of structure. This module has therefore been declared as ‘0’ here. (C2) In accordance with the end-of-life scenario applied, the flat-rate waste transport distances have been applied to an average of: 52.5 km. (C3) The waste treatment phase includes all processes necessary for the reprocessing of the released materials until the moment at which end-of-waste is achieved. The moment of end-of-waste is achieved after the steel scrap has been sorted at a recycling company in accordance with the criteria set out in Regulation (EU) No 333/2011 . When processing reinforced concrete, it is assumed that the steel must be sorted and pressed after the concrete has been broken up. (C4) The waste disposal phase includes the landfill of material flows that are not reused or recycled. These processes are modelled on a material-specific basis. This fraction is modelled in accordance with the end-of-life scenario applied. Costs and benefits beyond the system boundaries (D) At the end of the service life of the reinforced concrete structure in which the reinforcing steel has been used, steel scrap is released as a material for recycling. The following assumptions have been used to quantify the input and output flows of the end-of-life costs and benefits beyond the system boundaries: - Steel scrap is easy to recycle with a high degree of value retention. This is already evident in practice from the high proportion of scrap used in the production of reinforcing steel. - For the calculation of the module D benefits, the net outgoing flow of steel scrap as a secondary material is calculated. This results in: - MFR net out = MFR_out - SM_in = 95% - 96.6% = -1.3% = -0.016 tonnes/tonne A charge is calculated in module D for this loss. However, it should be noted that from 1 January 2025, a negative netoutput of secondary materials will no longer be charged in module D. As this rule only affects Set 2 of the environmental impacts, the calculation results for Set 2 are corrected by setting this to “0”.Declaration of SVHC: This product does not contain any substances that appear on the SVHC candidate list.More information: https://www.besix.com 0 2024 2029 valid from (Thursday 05 December 2024) through (Wednesday 05 December 2029) gültig von (Donnerstag 05 Dezember 2024) bis (Mittwoch 05 Dezember 2029) geldig van (donderdag 05 december 2024) tot (woensdag 05 december 2029) 2024-12-05 Sint-Pieters-Leeuw, Belgie. Reinforcing steel/concrete steel Reinforcing steel is used in the construction industry to strengthen concrete. Without reinforcing steel, concrete has poor resistance to the tensile forces commonly encountered in buildings and other structures. Given the many possible configurations of concrete, the reinforcing steel supplied by BESIX can be offered in various forms, including bars, mats/nets, cut and bent steel, and prefabricated reinforcing steel. Reinforcing steel is processed at the BESIX factory and assembled on site or installed by subcontractors on site, after which the concrete is poured over it. However, it is also possible for the complete product (in a specific form) to be assembled in advance (prefabricated) at the manufacturer's production site. The reinforcing steel is supplied in accordance with NEN 6008. BESIX is KOMO (K200238/04), BENOR and NF certified. BESIX Steel & Formwork in Sint-Pieters-Leeuw (Belgium) is the division responsible for the production and delivery of cut and bent reinforcing steel, the delivery of steel mats/nets, and prefab reinforcing steel. The average material composition of the reinforcing steel is as follows Reinforcing steel/concrete steel Reinforcing steel is used in the construction industry to strengthen concrete. Without reinforcing steel, concrete has poor resistance to the tensile forces commonly encountered in buildings and other structures. Given the many possible configurations of concrete, the reinforcing steel supplied by BESIX can be offered in various forms, including bars, mats/nets, cut and bent steel, and prefabricated reinforcing steel. Reinforcing steel is processed at the BESIX factory and assembled on site or installed by subcontractors on site, after which the concrete is poured over it. However, it is also possible for the complete product (in a specific form) to be assembled in advance (prefabricated) at the manufacturer's production site. The reinforcing steel is supplied in accordance with NEN 6008. BESIX is KOMO (K200238/04), BENOR and NF certified. BESIX Steel & Formwork in Sint-Pieters-Leeuw (Belgium) is the division responsible for the production and delivery of cut and bent reinforcing steel, the delivery of steel mats/nets, and prefab reinforcing steel. The average material composition of the reinforcing steel is as follows EPD EN 15804 EN 15804+A2 (EF 3.0) specific dataset ecoinvent database (all versions) ecoinvent 3.6 database PDF EPD for 1.1.00979.2025 BESIX Steel & Formwork Ulbert Hofstra EN 15804 EN 15804+A2 (EF 3.0) ISO 14025 René Kraaijenbrink 2024-12-05T00:00:00 ILCD format 1.1 EPD Data Format Extensions v1.2 00.01.002 2026-01-19T09:00:18.797541400Z Stichting MRPI® 1.1.00979.2025 BESIX Steel & Formwork true Free of charge for all users and uses 1 ton of reinforcing steel (rebar) for use in reinforced concrete structures (96,6% steel scrap and 3,4% primary steel) 1.0 Use of renewable primary energy (PERE) Nutzung erneuerbarer Primärenergie (PERE) Gebruik van hernieuwbare primaire energie (PERE) General reminder flow Input 1140.0 0.0 1.34 53.7 0.0595 0.0 MJ Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PERM) Nutzung erneuerbarer Primärenergieträger als Rohstoffe (PERM) Gebruik van hernieuwbare primaire energiebronnen gebruikt als grondstof (PERM) General reminder flow Input 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MJ Total use of renewable primary energy resources (PERT) Gesamteinsatz erneuerbarer Primärenergieressourcen (PERT) Totaal gebruik van hernieuwbare primaire energiebronnen (PERT) General reminder flow Input 1140.0 0.0 1.34 53.7 0.0595 0.0 MJ Use of non renewable primary energy (PENRE) Einsatz nicht erneuerbarer Primärenergie (PENRE) Gebruik van niet-hernieuwbare primaire energie (PENRE) General reminder flow Input 13000.0 0.0 107.0 342.0 7.36 0.0 MJ Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PENRM) Einsatz von nicht erneuerbaren Primärenergieträgern als Rohstoffe (PENRM) Gebruik van niet-hernieuwbare primaire energiebronnen die als grondstof worden gebruikt (PENRM) General reminder flow Input 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MJ Total use of non renewable primary energy resource (PENRT) Gesamtverbrauch nicht erneuerbarer Primärenergieträger (PENRT) Totaal gebruik van niet-hernieuwbare primaire energiebronnen (PENRT) General reminder flow Input 13000.0 0.0 107.0 342.0 7.36 0.0 MJ Use of secondary material (SM) Verwendung von Sekundärmaterial (SM) Gebruik van secundair materiaal (SM) General reminder flow Input 966.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 kg Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF) Einsatz erneuerbarer Sekundärbrennstoffe (RSF) Gebruik van hernieuwbare secundaire brandstoffen (RSF) General reminder flow Input 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MJ Use of non renewable secondary fuels (NRSF) Einsatz von nicht erneuerbaren Sekundärbrennstoffen (NRSF) Gebruik van niet-hernieuwbare secundaire brandstoffen (NRSF) General reminder flow Input 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MJ Use of net fresh water (FW) Verwendung von Netto-Frischwasser (FW) Gebruik van netto zoet water (FW) General reminder flow Input 15.8 0.0 0.013 0.162 0.00786 0.0824 kg Hazardous waste disposed (HWD) Gefährlicher Abfall entsorgt (HWD) Gevaarlijk afval afgevoerd (HWD) General reminder flow Output 0.021 0.0 2.71E-4 0.00103 1.1E-5 0.0 kg Non hazardous waste dispose (NHWD) Entsorgung nicht gefährlicher Abfälle (NWWD) Niet gevaarlijk afval verwijderen (NHWD) General reminder flow Output 278.0 0.0 6.78 10.0 50.0 0.0 kg Radioactive waste disposed (RWD) Entsorgter radioaktiver Abfall (RWD) Radioactief afval afgevoerd (RWD) General reminder flow Output 0.0664 1140.0 0.0 7.02E-4 0.00203 4.83E-5 0.0 kg Components for re-use (CRU) Komponenten zur Wiederverwendung (CRU) Componenten voor hergebruik (CRU) General reminder flow Output 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 kg Materials for recycling (MFR) Recyclingmaterialien (MFR) Materialen voor recycling (MFR) General reminder flow Output 0.0 0.0 0.0 950.0 0.0 0.0 kg Materials for energy recovery (MER) Materialien zur Energierückgewinnung (MER) Materialen voor energieterugwinning (MER) General reminder flow Output 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 kg Exported electrical energy (EEE) Exportierte elektrische Energie (EEE) Geëxporteerde elektrische energie (EEE) General reminder flow Output 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MJ Exported thermal energy (EET) Exportierte thermische Energie (EET) Geëxporteerde thermische energie (EET) General reminder flow Output 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MJ Global warming potential (GWP) Treibhauspotenzial (GWP) Aardopwarmingsvermogen (GWP) 728.0 0.0 7.03 24.4 0.258 21.3 kg CO2-eqv. Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) Abbaupotential der stratosphärischen Ozonschicht (ODP) Aantastingspotentieel van de stratosferische ozonlaag (ODP) 8.76E-5 0.0 1.25E-6 3.05E-6 8.61E-8 7.41E-7 kg R11-eqv. Acidification potential of soil and water (AP) Versauerungspotential von Boden und Wasser (AP) Verzuringspotentieel van bodem en water (AP) 3.36 0.0 0.0309 0.24 0.00189 0.0719 kg SO2-eqv. Eutrophication potential (EP) Eutrophierungspotential (EP) Eutrofiëringspotentieel (EP) 0.458 0.0 0.00607 0.0306 3.65E-4 0.00854 kg Phosphate-eqv. Formation potential of tropospheric ozone (POCP) Bildungspotential von troposphärischem Ozon (POCP) Vormingspotentieel van troposferisch ozon (POCP) 0.698 0.0 0.00424 0.0215 2.75E-4 0.0462 kg Ethene-eqv. Abiotic depletion potential for non fossil resources (ADPE) Abiotisches Abbaupotenzial für nicht fossile Ressourcen (ADPE) Abiotisch uitputtingspotentieel voor niet-fossiele hulpbronnen (ADPE) 0.00953 0.0 1.8E-4 0.00137 2.41E-6 1.54E-5 kg Sb-eqv Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources (ADPF) Abiotisches Abbaupotenzial fossiler Ressourcen (ADPF) Abiotisch uitputtingspotentieel voor fossiele hulpbronnen (ADPF) 11900.0 0.0 107.0 334.0 7.32 273.0 MJ Human toxicity potential (HTP), The Netherlands Humantoxizitätspotenzial (HTP), Niederlande Mogelijke toxiciteit bij mensen (HTP), Nederland 523.0 0.0 2.96 29.6 0.117 13.3 kg DCB-ekanban.getProcess(). Fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity potential (FAETP), The Netherlands Aquatisches Ökotoxizitätspotenzial von Süßwasser (FAETP), Niederlande Zoetwater aquatische ecotoxiciteitspotentieel (FAETP), Nederland 23.0 0.0 0.0864 0.551 0.00277 -0.165 kg DCB-ekanban.getProcess(). Terrestrial ecotoxicity potential (TETP), The Netherlands Terrestrisches Ökotoxizitätspotenzial (TETP), Niederlande Terrestrisch ecotoxiciteitspotentieel (TETP), Nederland 69.3 0.0 0.0105 0.0921 2.93E-4 -1.11 kg DCB-ekanban.getProcess(). Environmental Cost Indicator (ECI), The Netherlands Umweltkostenindikator (ECI), Niederlande Milieukostenindicator (EBI), Nederland 11225.0 0.0 0.847 5.45 0.0365 2.65 Euro Marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential (MAETP), The Netherlands Marine aquatisches Ökotoxizitätspotenzial (MAETP), Niederlande Potentiële mariene aquatische ecotoxiciteit (MAETP), Nederland 40800.0 0.0 311.0 2400.0 9.91 -138.0 kg DCB-ekanban.getProcess(). Global Warming Potential - total (GWP-total) Treibhauspotenzial - gesamt (GWP-gesamt) Global Warming Potential - totaal (GWP-totaal) 639.0 0.0 7.02 24.3 0.258 0.0 kg CO2-eqv. Global Warming Potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic) Treibhauspotenzial - biogen (GWP-biogen) Global Warming Potential - biogeen (GWP-biogeen) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 kg CO2-eqv. Global Warming Potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) Treibhauspotenzial - fossile Brennstoffe (GWP-fossil) Global Warming Potential - fossiele brandstoffen (GWP-fossiel) 638.0 0.0 7.02 24.3 0.258 0.0 kg CO2-eqv. Global Warming Potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc) Treibhauspotenzial - Landnutzung und Landnutzungsänderung (GWP-luluc) Global Warming Potential - landgebruik en verandering in landgebruik (GWP-luluc) 1.13 0.0 0.00258 0.0276 7.31E-5 0.0 kg CO2-eqv. Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (ETP-fw) Potentielle vergleichende toxische Einheit für Ökosysteme (ETP-fw) Potentiële Comparative Toxic Unit voor ecosystemen (ETP-fw) 3890.0 0.0 32.8 274.0 1.74 0.0 CTUe Potential incidence of disease due to PM emissions (PM) Potenzielle Inzidenz von Krankheiten aufgrund von PM-Emissionen (PM) Potentiële ziekte-incidentie als gevolg van PM-emissies (PM) 5.63E-5 0.0 7.8E-7 3.95E-6 4.98E-8 0.0 disease incidence Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine) Eutrophierungspotential - Marine (EP-Marine) Eutrofiëringspotentieel - marien (EP-marien) 0.7 0.0 0.0145 0.066 8.6E-4 0.0 kg N eqv. Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater) Eutrophierungspotential - Süßwasser (EP-Süßwasser) Eutrofiëringspotentieel - zoetwater (EP-zoetwater) 0.0885 0.0 7.15E-5 0.00168 2.95E-6 0.0 kg P eqv. Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) Eutrophierungspotential - terrestrisch (EP-terrestrisch) Eutrofiëringspotentieel - terrestrisch (EP-terrestrisch) 8.04 0.0 0.16 0.766 0.00948 0.0 mol N eqv. Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - cancer effects (HTP-c) Potenzielle vergleichende toxische Einheit für den Menschen - Krebswirkungen (HTP-c) Potentiële Comparative Toxic Unit voor mensen - effecten op kanker (HTP-c) 2.0E-6 2.0E-6 0.0 1.91E-9 1.07E-8 5.92E-11 0.0 CTUh Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - non-cancer effects (HTP-nc) Potentielle vergleichende toxische Einheit für den Menschen – nicht krebserregende Wirkungen (HTP-nc) Potentiële Comparative Toxic Unit voor mensen - niet-kanker effecten (HTP-nc) 1.14E-5 0.0 1.07E-8 9.04E-8 9.21E-11 0.0 CTUh Potential Human exposure efficiency relative to U235 (IRP) Potenzielle Expositionseffizienz des Menschen im Verhältnis zu U235 (IRP) Potentiële menselijke blootstellingsefficiëntie ten opzichte van U235 (IRP) 36.6 0.0 0.448 1.7 0.0302 0.0 kBq U235 eqv. Potential Soil quality index (SQP) Potenzieller Bodenqualitätsindex (SQP) Potentiële Bodemkwaliteitsindex (SQP) 2970.0 0.0 96.1 808.0 16.1 0.0 unitless Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP) Wasser-(Nutzer-)Entzugspotenzial (WDP) Water (gebruiker) achterstandspotentieel (WDP) 253.0 0.0 0.374 3.26 0.33 0.0 m3 world eqv. Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) Abbaupotential der stratosphärischen Ozonschicht (ODP) Aantastingspotentieel van de stratosferische ozonlaag (ODP) 5.35E-5 0.0 1.56E-6 3.54E-6 1.08E-7 0.0 kg CFC 11 eqv. Formation potential of tropospheric ozone (POCP) Bildungspotential von troposphärischem Ozon (POCP) Vormingspotentieel van troposferisch ozon (POCP) 2.24 0.0 0.0388 0.183 0.00233 0.0 kg NMVOC eqv. Abiotic depletion potential - fossil resources (ADPF) Abiotisches Abbaupotenzial - Fossile Ressourcen (ADPF) Abiotisch uitputtingspotentieel - fossiele hulpbronnen (ADPF) 8730.0 0.0 107.0 342.0 7.36 0.0 MJ Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance (AP) Versauerungspotential, Accumulated Exceedance (AP) Verzuringspotentieel, geaccumuleerde overschrijding (AP) 3.32 0.0 0.0411 0.299 0.0025 0.0 mol H+ eqv. Abiotic depletion potential for non fossil resources (ADPE) Abiotisches Abbaupotenzial für nicht fossile Ressourcen (ADPE) Abiotisch uitputtingspotentieel voor niet-fossiele hulpbronnen (ADPE) 0.00471 0.0 1.8E-4 0.00137 2.41E-6 0.0 kg Sb-eqv Potential Soil quality index (SQP) Potenzieller Bodenqualitätsindex (SQP) Potentiële Bodemkwaliteitsindex (SQP) 2970.0 0.0 96.1 808.0 16.1 0.0 unitless